B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w aq-ew {[p-h-{]-tZi-s¯ a-ªp-]m-fn-IÄ ]qÀ-®-am-bn D-cp-In XoÀ-ómð `q-an {]-f-b-¯nð ap-§p-sa-óv ]T-\w. {[p-h-{]-tZi-s¯ a-ªp-]m-fn ]qÀ-®-am-bn D-cp-In XoÀ-ómð \n-e-hn-ep-Å k-ap-{Z-\n-c-¸v 260 A-Sn Iq-Sn D-b-cp-sa-óv ]T-\-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-óp.
`q-an-bn-se Z£n-W D-¯-c {[p-h§-sf Np-än-bn-cn-¡p-ó a-ªp-]m-fn-IÄ D-cp-In-bmð G-I-tZ-iw A-ôv an-ey¬ Iyp-_n-Iv ssað sh-Åw tem-I-¯n-se k-ap-{Z-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n-t¨-cp-sa-óm-Wv C-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨v ]T-\w \-S¯n-b tÉm-hm-Iy-bn-se {Km-^n-Iv Un-ssk-\dm-b amÀ-«n³ hmÀ-Pn-Iv ]-d-bp-óXv. A-§-s\-sb-¦nð `q-an-bnð \n-óv Xp-S-¨p-am-ä-s¸-Sm³ km-[y-X-bp-Å Ø-e-§-fp-sS ]-«n-Ibpw {Km-^n-Iv-kn-eq-sS amÀ-«n³ hmÀ-Pn-Iv Nq-ïn-¡m-«p-óp.
\n-e-hn-ep-Å tem-I am-¸nð {]f-bw aq-ew ap-§n-t¸m-Im³ km-[y-X-bp-Å Ø-e-§Ä A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp¯n-b am¸pw hmÀ-Pn-Iv {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pïv. bq-tdm-]y³ `q-J-Wv-U-¯nð eï³, se-ÌÀ A-S-¡-ap-Å Cw-¥-ïn-sâ ]-Ip-Xn-tbm-fw {]-tZ-i-§Ä ap-§n-t¸m-Ip-sa-óv hmÀ-Pn-Iv ]-d-bpóp. Bw-ÌÀ-Umw, PÀ-½-\n-bn-se _À-en³ Xp-S§n-b {]-tZ-i-§fpw `q-apJ-¯v \n-óv A-{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw.
bp-F-kn-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw \yq-tbmÀ¡v, lq-kvä¬, an-bman, \yq HmÀ-em³kv, hm-jnw-Kv-S¬ F-ón§-s\ In-g-¡³ Xo-c-¯p-Å \-K-c-§-sfñmw X-só sh-Å-¯n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ipw. A-a-tkm¬ \-Zn-bn-epw P-e-\nc-¸v D-b-cp-Ibpw {_-ko-en-sâ `q-cn-`m-Kw {]-tZ-i-§fpw sh-Å-¯n-\-Sn-bn-em-hp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. BÀ-«n-Iv I-S-en-tebpw ap-td I-S-en-Sp-¡n-tebpw P-e-\nc-¸v {I-am-Xo-X-am-bn D-b-cpó-Xv aq-ew B-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS `q-cn-`m-Kw {]-tZ-i-§fpw sh-Å-¯n-em-Ip-saópw hmÀ-Pn-Iv ]-d-bp-óp.
a-\p-jy-sâ C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fm-Wv B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-\v Im-c-Ww.B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w {I-a-am-bn D-b-cpó-Xv aq-ew Im-em-h-Ø-bnð Im-cyam-b am-ä-ap-ïm-Ip-saópw sIm-Sp-¦mäpw sh-Å-s¸m-¡hpw Øn-c-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-saópw hmÀ-Pn-Iv-ap-ó-dn-bn-¸v \ð-Ipóp. temI-s¯ a-cp-`q-an-IÄ h-fÀóp-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sWópw hmÀ-Pn-Iv Nq-ïn-¡m-«p-óp. ]p-d-¯p-hn-Sp-ó ImÀ-_-Wn-sâ Af-hv G-ähpw Xm-tg-¡v F-¯m-¯ ]-£w 2100 B-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw `q-an \n-e-hn-ep-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ 4 Un{Kn skð-jy-kv Iq-Sp-Xð Nq-Sv ]n-Sn-¡p-saópw hn-Z-Kv-²À Nq-ïn-¡m-«p-óp.
ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j³ aq-e-ap-ïm-Ip-ó Im-emh-Øm am-äw G-ähpw BZyw A-\p-`-h-s¸Sp-I bp-F-kn-se tlm-tWm-ep-ep-hnepw ^o-\n-Iv-knepw B-bn-cn-¡pw. 2046 Hm-sS km³-Unbm-tKm-bnepw HmÀ-em³-tUm-bnepw Im-emh-Øm am-äw A-\p-`-h-s¸-«v Xp-S-§pw. 2047 Hm-sS hm-jnw-KvS¬, \yq-tbmÀ-¡v \-K-c-§-fnepw Im-em-h-Øm am-ä-¯n-sâ Xn-à ^-e-§Ä A-\p-`-hn-¡m-\m-Ipw. 2043 Hm-sS 147 \-K-c-§-fnð I-Sp-¯ Nq-Sv tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-sa-óm-Wv ]T-\-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-óXv. F-ómð ]p-d-¯p-hn-Sp-ó ImÀ-_-Wn-sâ Af-hv ]-c-am-h-[n Ip-d-¨mð e-ï³ t]m-ep-Å \-K-c-§Ä-¡v A-\n-hm-cyam-b Im-em-h-Øm am-ä-s¯ 2088 h-sc ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ-¯m-\m-Ipw.
G-jy³ `q-JÞ-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v ssN-\bpw _w-¥m-tZipw ]q-À-®-am-bn sh-Å-¯n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ipw. \n-e-hn-se P-\-kwJym IW-¡v A-\p-k-cn-¨v 760 aney-tWm-fw P-\-§Ä `q-apJ-¯v \n-óv F-ó-tó-¡p-am-bn Xp-S-¨p-\o-¡-s¸-Spw. C-´y-bp-sS Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-§Ä hen-b tXm-Xnð Np-cp-§pw. {]f-bw _m-[n-¡m-¯ {]-tZ-i-§Ä ]À-Æ-X-§-fp-sS in-Jn-c-§fpw I-co-_n-b³ Xo-c-hp-am-Ipw. a-[y A-ta-cn-¡-tbbpw {]f-bw Im-cy-am-bn _m-[n-¡nñ.
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