bp-sI-bn-se am-[y-a-§-fnð \nd-ªv \nð-¡p-ó H-cp a-e-bm-fn I-\ym-kv-{Xo-bp-sS I-Y-I-fmWv. a-e-bm-fn I-\ym-kv{Xo B-b kn-ÌÀ B³-kn am-Xyq-hm-Wv a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS A-`n-am-\w hm-t\m-f-ap-bÀ¯n-sIm-ïv bp-sI am-[y-a-§-fnð \nd-ªv \nð-¡p-ó-Xv. a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v kw-L-¯n-sâ h-e-bnð-s]«p-t]m-b kv-{XoI-sf I-sï-¯p-hm³ bp-sI t]m-eo-kn-s\ k-lm-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv kn-kv-äÀ B³-kn amXyp sN-¿p-ó-Xv.
CXn-t\mS-Iw X-só \n-ch-[n kv-{Xo-I-sf-bm-Wv kn-kv-äÀ B³-kn am-Xyq-hn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å I-\ym-kv-{Xo-IÄ th-iym-e-b-§-fnð \nópw c-£-s]-Sp-¯n ]pXn-b Po-hn-Xw Xp-S-§m³ k-lm-bn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. kv-s]-bn-\nð 1856 ð-Øm-]n-¡-s¸-« A-tUm-d-{Sn-kv tIm¬-{Kn-tK-j-\n-se Aw-K-am-Wv kn-kv-äÀ B³-kn. kv-]m-\nv-jv I-\ym-kv{Xo B-b skâv. acn-b an-Jmtb-e B-Wv A-tUm-d-{Sn-kv tIm¬-{Kn-tK-j³ Øm-]n-¨Xv. th-iym-e-b-§-fnð tPm-en-sN-¿p-ó kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-em-Wv C-h-cp-sS {]-hÀ-¯\w.
In-g-¡³ bq-tdm-¸nð \n-óp-Å Ip-Sn-tb-äw hym-]-I-am-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v kw-L-§Ä bp-sI-bnepw th-cp-d-¸n-¨v Xp-S-§n-bXv. C-¯-c-¡m-sc I-sï-¯n s]¬-Ip-«nI-sf c-£-s]-Sp-¯m-\pÅ t]m-eo-kv {i-a-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-Wv kn-kv-äÀ B³-kn am-Xyphpw kw-L-hpw. bp-sI-bn-se hÀ-²n-¨p-h-cp-ó {Sm-^n-¡nw-Kn-sâ I-W-¡p-I-fm-Wv kn-ÌÀ B³-kn-tbbpw kw-L-t¯bpw X-§-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw C-Xn-\m-bn \o-¡n-sh-bv-¡m³ t{]-cn-¸n-¨Xv. C-Xn-\m-bn do-lm-_v F-ó t]-cnð H-cp Nm-cn-än kwL-S-\ X-só- kn-ÌÀ B³-kn amXyq B-cw-`n¨p.
H-cp sNdn-b ]-£n-sb-óm-Wv KmÀ-Un-b³ ]{Xw kn-kv-äÀ B³-kn am-Xyp-hn-s\ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-óXv. th-iym-e-b-§fpw {Sm-^n-¡nw-Kv bq-Wn-äp-Ifpw sd-bv-Uv sN-¿m³ t]m-Ipó t]m-eo-kv kw-L¯n-s\m-¸-am-Wv kn-ÌÀ B³-kn-am-Xyp-hn-tâbpw kw-L-¯n-tâbpw bm{X. ]-e-t¸mgpw I-Sp-¯ `o-j-Wn-bnepw A-c-£n-Xm-h-Ø-bn-epw I-gn-bp-ó s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ \-S-¯n-¸p-Im-cp-sS `oj-Wn `b-óv kXyw ]-d-bm³ X-¿m-dm-bn F-óv h-cnñ. Cu L-«-¯n-em-Wv kn-kvv-äÀ B³-kn am-Xyp-hn-tâbpw kw-L-¯n-tâbpw {]-hÀ¯-\w t]m-eo-kv D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xv.
t]m-eo-kv th-iym-e-b-¯n-sâ D-Ån-se-¯n \n-b-{´-Ww G-sä-Sp-¯m³ D-S³ X-só kn-kv-äÀ-amÀ C-hn-sS-sb-¯pw. Xp-SÀ-óv C-c-I-fp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¡pw. kw-L-¯n-sâ ]n-Sn-bnð s]«p-t]m-b s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v am-\-kn-I-am-bn ss[cyw \ð-Ip-I-bm-Wv C-hÀ BZyw sN-¿p-óXv. kw-km-c-¯n-\n-S-bnð s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fnð \n-óv e-`n-¡p-ó hn-e-tbdn-b hn-h-c-§Ä C-hÀ t]m-eo-kn-\v ssI-am-dpw. sd-bv-Unð tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-ó kv-{XoI-sf ]p-\-c-[n-h-kn-¸n-¡m\pw C-hÀ ap³ssI F-Sp-¡p-óp.
]-e-t¸mgpw A-Sn-aI-sf t]m-se-bm-Wv s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ C-hn-sS I-gn-bp-ó-sX-óv bp-sI-bnð ]p-Xp-Xm-bn \n-b-an-¡-s¸-« Bân tÉh-dn I-½o-j-WÀ sI-hn³ ssl-em³-Uv ]-d-bp-óp. C-h-cp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¨v hn-h-c-§Ä ti-J-cn-¡p-ó-Xnð A-km-am-\yam-b I-gn-hm-Wv kn-ÌÀ B³-kn am-Xyp-hpw kw-Lhpw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-ó-sX-óv ssl-em³-Un-sâ km-£yw. am-\-kn-I-ambpw im-co-c-I-ambpw X-IÀ-ó C-¯-c¡m-tcm-Sv hf-sc kq-£n-¨v am-{X-ta C-S-s]-Sm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq F-óv ssl-em³-Uv Nq-ïn-¡m-«póp. Cu L-«-¯nð t]m-eo-kn-s\-¡mÄ G-sd-sN-¿m³ km-[n¡p-I hn-ip-²n-bpsS Cu am-em-J-amÀ-¡m-Wv.
th-iym-e-b-§-fnð \ntóm a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v kw-L-¯nð \ntóm tam-Nn-¸n¨-Xv sIm-ïv am{Xw kn-ÌÀ B³-kn am-Xyp-hn-tâbpw kw-L-¯n-tâbpw tPm-en Xo-cp-ónñ. tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-« s]-¬-Ip-«nI-sf do-lm-_n-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nð t]m-eo-kv kw-c-£n-¡p-Ibpw \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n Ah-sc kz-´w cm-Py-t¯-¡v Xn-cn-sI F-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿póp. C-hn-sS C-hÀ-¡v ]p-\-c-[n-hm-k-¯n-\p-Å amÀ-¤w H-cp-¡m\pw kn-ÌÀ B³-kn amXyp ]-cn-{i-an-¡póp, C-Xn-\m-bn k-`-bp-sS k-lm-b-am-Wv kn-ÌÀ tX-Sp-óXv. Hmtcm cm-Py-t¯bpw k-`-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-« s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fp-sS ]p-\-c-[n-hm-kw do-lm-_v D-d-¸m-¡p-óp.
a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v X-Sbp-I F-ó D-t±-i-t¯m-sS Cu B-gv-N A-h-km-\w e-ï-\nð c-ïm-Xv kmâm amÀ-«m CâÀ-\m-j-Wð I¬-tkmÀjyw \-S-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. tlmw Hm-^o-kn-sâ ]pXn-b I-W-¡p-IÄ A-\p-k-cn-¨v 13,000t¯m-fw t]À C-t¸mgpw bp-sI-bnð A-Sn-a-I-fm-bn Po-hn-¡p-óp-ïv. a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v X-Sbp-I F-ó e-£y-t¯m-sS I-gn-ª G-{]n-enð B-cw-`n-¨ kmâm amÀ-« {Kq-¸n-sâ D-Xv-Lm-S\ tbm-Kw h-¯n-¡m-\nð B-bn-cp-óp. a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v kw-L-¯n-sâ ]n-Sn-bnð \n-óv tam-Nn-¸nv-¡-s¸-Sp-ó C-c-Ifpw ]-e-t¸mgpw {In-an-\-epI-sf t]m-se-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-óXv. C-Xn-\v am-ä-ap-ïm-I-W-sa-ópw a-\p-jy-¡S-¯v X-S-bm³ A-´m-cm-{ã X-e-¯nð cm-Py-§Ä k-l-I-cn-¨v {]-hÀ-¯n-t¡-ï-Xv B-h-iy-am-sWópw I¬-tkmÀ-jy-¯n-\v ]n-ónð {]-hÀ-¯n-¡pó ssl-em³-Uv Nq-ïn-¡m«n.
A³-]-Xp-Im-cnbm-b kn-ÌÀ B³-kn am-Xyp 2000¯n-em-Wv bp-sI-bn-te-¡v Ø-ew-am-dn-sb-¯p-óXv. C-Xn-\v ap³-]v sImð-s¡m-¯-bn-em-bn-cp-óp kn-Ì-dn-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\ a-Þew. C-hn-sS ssewKnI sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ-¡v P-\n-¡p-ó Ip-«n-I-fp-sS ]p-\-c-[nhm-k {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-em-bn-cp-óp kn-ÌÀ {i-Z-v-[n-¨n-cp-óXv.
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