s]m-®¯-Sn aq-ew tPm-en t]m-b B-fp-sS ]-cm-Xn bq-tdm-]y³ \o-Xn-\ymb tIm-S-Xn-bnð. sU-òmÀ-¡n-se in-ip-]-cn-]m-e-I\m-b Im-̬ IÄ-tSm-^n-\m-Wv A-an-X-h-®-¯n-sâ t]-cnð tPm-en t]m-b-Xv. 160 Intem `m-c-ap-Å IÄ-tSm-^v X-só- ]n-cn-¨p-hn-« \-S]-Sn tNmZyw sN-bvXp-sIm-ï k-aÀ-¸n-¨ ]-cm-Xn-bnð XoÀ-¸p-Ið-¸n-¡m³ sU-ò-mÀ¡v tImS-Xn bq-tdm-]y³ \o-Xn-\ymb tIm-SXn-tbm-Sv B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cpóp.

kmw-_m Xm-f-¯n-sâ e-l-cn-bnð {_-ko-enð tem-II-¸v a-Õ-c-§Ä-¡v In-t¡m^v. Xp-S-¡¯n-sem-óv ]n-g-s¨-v-¦nepw ]n-óo-Sv I-¯n-¡-bdn-b aª-¸S tem-I-I-¸n-se B-Zy-a-Õ-c-¯nð hn-P-bw kz-´-am¡n. H-ón-s\-Xn-tc aq-óv tKm-fp-IÄ-¡m-Wv D-Xv-Lm-S-\ a-Õ-c-¯nð B-Yn-tY-bÀ s{Im-tb-jy-sb sI-«p-sI-«n-¨Xv. C-tXm-sS {Kq-¸v F-bnð {_-ko-en-\v aq-óv t]mbâv t\Sn.

bp-sI-bn-se ]mÊv-t]mÀ-«v {]-Xnk-Ôn H-ä-b-Sn-bv-¡v ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-In-sñ-óv tlmw sk-{I«-dn sX-tc-km tabv. {]-Xnk-Ôn ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-bn H-cp-Iq-«w kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä H-cp-¡n-bn-«p-sïópw lukv Hm-^v tIm-a¬-knð kw-km-cn¡-th sX-tc-km ta-bv Fw-]n-am-sc A-dn-bn¨p.

B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fnð tcm-Kn-IÄ-¡v an-I-¨ ]-cn-Nc-Ww D-d-¸m-¡p-ó-Xn-\m-bn Av-¡mUan Hm-^v sa-Un-¡ð tdm-bð tImf-Pv ]pXn-b amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-i-§-Ä ]p-d-¯n-d¡n. Htcm tcm-Kn-bp-tS-bpw ]-cn-N-c-W-¯n-sâ D-¯-c-hm-ZnXzw C-\n tUm-ÎÀ-¡m-Ipw. \n-ch-[n A-kp-J-§Ä DÅ tcm-Kn-bp-sS ]-cn-N-c-W-¯n-sâ D-¯-c-hm-ZnXzw G-sX-¦nepw H-cp tUm-ÎÀ-¡m-bn \ð-Ipw.

sI.Fkv.BÀ.Sn.knbpw temII¸v ^pSv-t_mfnsâ Bthi¯nseóv tkmjyð aoUnb. kmZriy§Ä Iïp]nSn¡m³, tkmjyð aoUnbbnse hncpXòmcpsS Ignhv A]mcw XsóbmWv. Hcp ]m«nd§nbmð aXn DSs\ X¸nsbSp¯p hcpw B{^n¡bnð \ntóm temI¯nsâ GsX¦nepw tImWnð \ntóm AXnsâ HdnPn\ð. C¯c¡msc sImïv kn\na¡mcpw kwKoXÚcpw s]mdpXpap«nbncn¡pIbmWv. ]s£ C¡pdn ]Wn sI.Fkv.BÀSnkn¡mWv. sI.Fkv. BÀ.Sn.kn _ÊpIfpsS …

bpsI-bn-se an-\n-kv{Sn Hm-^v Un-^³-kv 1060 t]-sc ]n-cn-¨p hn«p. {]Xn-tcm-[ a-{´m-e-b-¯nð \S-óv h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-ó Po-h-\-¡m-sc sh-«n-¡p-d-bv-¡-en-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv ]pXn-b \-S-]-Sn-bpw. Po-h-\-¡m-sc sh-«n-¡p-d-bv-¡-en-sâ `m-K-am-bn BÀ-an-bnð \n-óv 995 t]-cpw, tdm-bð t\-hn-bnð \n-óv 10 t]-cpw, BÀ-F-F-^nð \n-óv 55 t]cpw tPm-en cm-Pn sh-bv-t¡-ïn h-cpw. kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ kv-{Sm-ä-Pn-Iv Un-^³-kv …

]{´ïp thZnIfnembn«mWv temII¸nse 64 aðkc§Ä Act§dpóXv. Ncn{Xapd§pó amc¡m\ apXð Aco\m Un AatkmWnb hsc \ofpóXmWv at\mlcamb Cu thZnIÄ. 1950-ð ]WnXoÀ¯XmWv dntbm Un P\otdmbnse amc¡m\ tÌUnbw. {_koens\ kw_Ôn¨v \-Sp-¡pó HmÀabm-Wv am-c¡m\ tÌUnbw. ChnsSbmWv {_koð 1950-se temII¸p ss^\enð DcqtKztbmSv 2-þ1-\v ]cmPbs¸«-Xv. F¬]Xn\mbncw t]sc …

bpsI-bn-se G-ähpw tam-iw tlm-fntU t^m-t«m-{Km-^À F-ó _-lpa-Xn sIânð \n-óp-Å ap-¯-Èn¡v. s]w-_p-dn-bnð \n-óp-Å sP-bv³ _qÀ-am³ F-ó ap-¯-Èn-bm-Wv Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-sSm-¸w ^v-tfm-dn-U-bv-¡v t]m-b-t¸mÄ Nn{Xw ]-IÀ-¯n-b-Xv. C-hÀ ^v-tfm-dn-U-bv-¡v t]m-b-t¸mÄ Nn-{X-§Ä ]-IÀ-¯m-\m-bn Iym-a-d \ð-Inb-Xv _qÀ-am-\m-bn-cp-óp. ^v-tfm-dn-U-bn-se H-cp Sq-dn-kv-äv tI-{µ-¯nð Ip-«n-I-sfñm-hcpw Iq-Sn Un-kv-\n I-cSn-tbm-sSm-ón-¨v t^m-t«m-bv-¡v t]m-bv sN-bvXp. …

hntZ-i cm-Py-§-fnð \n-óv {_n-«o-jv ]mkv-t]mÀ-«n-\m-bn A-t]-£n-¡ \ð-Ip-ó-h-cp-sS Imcyw C-t¸mÄ ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡-sï-óv ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v Hm-^o-kv Po-h-\-¡mÀ-¡v A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sS \nÀ-t±iw. {_n-«o-jv am-[y-a-§Ä-¡v tNmÀ-óv In«n-b tc-J-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-[n-Ir-XÀ \ð-In-bn o \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä ]pd-¯v h-ón-cn-¡p-óXv. \n-e-hnð bm{Xm tc-J-I-fp-sS \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§Ä ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n \ð-Im-¯-Xn-\mð \n-ch-[n B-fp-I-fp-sS bm-{X-IÄ-¡v _p-²n-ap-«v t\-cn-Sp-óp-ïv. B-Zyw {_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-sS ]mkv-t]mÀ-«p-IÄ …

{_n-«-Wn-se sXm-gn-enñmbv-a \nc-¡v Ip-d-ªn-«p-sï-óv I-W-¡p-IÄ. G-{]n-en-\v ap³-]p-Å aq-óp am-k-w sIm-ïpïm-b sXm-gnð A-h-k-c-§-fp-sS I-W-¡p-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¨m-Wv bp-sI-bnð sXm-gn-ð Cñmbv-a Ip-d-ªn-«p-sï-ó dn-t¸mÀ-«v. A-tX-k-a-bw bp-sI-bn-se i-¼-f hy-h-Ø-IÄ am-ä-anñm-sX Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. kÀ-¡mÀ ]pd-¯v hn-« I-W-¡p-IÄ A-\p-k-cn-¨v bp-sI-bn-se \n-e-hn-se sXm-gn-ð Cñmbv-a \n-c¡v i-X-am-\-amWv. bp-sI-bnð tPm-en sN-¿p-ó sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS …